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Take-home final exam of Korean Melodrama class Term Paper

Bring home last test of the year of Korean Melodrama class - Term Paper Example With regards to film, shinpa is utilized to portray the exaggerated movies made predominantly somewhere in the range of 1913 and 1923. These movies were the ones which had solid showy components when contrasted with the unadulterated film dramatization which was impacted from the western style. Shinpa films were scrutinized by the pundits before all else yet later the contemporary crowd got them well indeed. The shinpa films were acknowledged yet then they abruptly vanished. Today, they exist in some structure (Gateward 44). Shinpa began in Japan and it implied another wave to the old plays. Shooting in Korea was started by the shinpa troupes who adjusted them from Japanese plays. This style in the long run hugy affected the Korean film. Shinpa came as a modernization in the colonized Korea where the film and theater consolidated and delivered quiet movies with tunes out of sight. It additionally carried new ideas to the Korean film; the soonest being family schemes with a scholarly who has been sent to another country to examine. This was the soonest and most apparent quality of shinpa (Gateward 44). Inconsistency between two qualities, portraying torment and disarray to grab the eye of the watchers to bring them out of the old qualities and get them into new current ones. The battle between the two qualities or two sentiment of an individual is the shinpa structure depicting the impact among conventional and present day Korea. The customary Korean drama was to a great extent affected by the western culture as Korea was to a great extent subordinate upon the American economy and culture both. In any case, there were as yet a considerable lot of the thoughts that had a place with mainstream society. Shinpa got hold of this culture and it began creating. In the end, with the advancement of the film and the modernization, shinpa lost its control. Shinpa was viewed as a pioneer headache and it was constrained out of film. Sensational movies of families and youth dominated and shinpa had vanished. Shinpa’s complex components

5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss

5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it Congratulations, you’ve made it! You landed your first job in the working world and are ready to take your new career by storm. Now, it’s time to ace your first few weeks of work and make the perfect impression on your new boss, and even some of your new coworkers. However, this can be intimidating if you’re just starting out on a new career path. If this is your first real gig, there are a few things you should know that can really make a difference and help you make the right impression on not only your boss, but your new coworkers and clients as well. Here are some tricks to try out that will impress your new boss and help confirm to them that they made the right choice in hiring you. 1. Ask Your New Boss a Lot of Questions Don’t be afraid to ask a lot of questions during your first term in the new job. This shows that you are interested in learning everything you can. You may feel that asking too many questions might annoy your new coworkers, but rest assured they aren’t thinking like that. This also helps you be proactive in problem solving in case there are any issues that come up in the future. 2. Be Yourself When starting a new job, it’s tempting to try to fit in by adapting to your coworkers’ personalities. However, as LinkedIn influencer Brad Smith points out, your employer would not have hired you if they didn’t like who you were and had faith that you were the right fit. So stop worrying, be the amazing person you are, and your coworkers will love you. 3. Don’t Try to be Perfect As a new hire, especially someone entering the working world, you aren’t expected to know everything. In fact, the more you pretend to know everything, the more people will expect from you, which makes it easy to overextend yourself. Mistakes are how you learn, and you can only get better as time goes on. 4. Figure Out the “Unwritten Rules” Sure, every office has its company policies, but there are always those unwritten rules that you have to learn as you go. Jenna Goudreau, of Business Insider, suggests that one of the first things you should do in your new office is learn where the coffee is. This will lead to figuring out the office routines, such as who is responsible for doing the dishes or cleaning up at the end of the day. It will also help you make new friends as you gather around the machine for your daily cup of java. 5. Consider This a Fresh Start This is your fresh start. It doesn’t matter what time of year it is. It’s time to get organized, be proactive, set goals, and stick to them. Do whatever it takes to stay on track for the rest of the year and ace your new role. Get Help With Your Professional Career From cover letters to resume/CV writing, our professional writers are ready to help you land the career you’ve always dreamed about. They are experts in writing professional documents and know exactly what potential employers are going to look for. We’ll help you get everything you need to land that job interview, where we know you’re going to do a great job! Order your professional documents now to get ahead and start your foray into the working world. References Goudreau, J. (2013). 9 things to do in the first week of a new job. Business Insider. Retrieved from 9-things-to-do-in-the-first-week-of-a-new-job-2013-8. Smith, B. (2014). Three tips to hit the ground running at your new job. LinkedIn. Retrieved from . 5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it Congratulations, you’ve made it! You landed your first job in the working world and are ready to take your new career by storm. Now, it’s time to ace your first few weeks of work and make the perfect impression on your new boss, and even some of your new coworkers. However, this can be intimidating if you’re just starting out on a new career path. If this is your first real gig, there are a few things you should know that can really make a difference and help you make the right impression on not only your boss, but your new coworkers and clients as well. Here are some tricks to try out that will impress your new boss and help confirm to them that they made the right choice in hiring you. 1. Ask Your New Boss a Lot of Questions Don’t be afraid to ask a lot of questions during your first term in the new job. This shows that you are interested in learning everything you can. You may feel that asking too many questions might annoy your new coworkers, but rest assured they aren’t thinking like that. This also helps you be proactive in problem solving in case there are any issues that come up in the future. 2. Be Yourself When starting a new job, it’s tempting to try to fit in by adapting to your coworkers’ personalities. However, as LinkedIn influencer Brad Smith points out, your employer would not have hired you if they didn’t like who you were and had faith that you were the right fit. So stop worrying, be the amazing person you are, and your coworkers will love you. 3. Don’t Try to be Perfect As a new hire, especially someone entering the working world, you aren’t expected to know everything. In fact, the more you pretend to know everything, the more people will expect from you, which makes it easy to overextend yourself. Mistakes are how you learn, and you can only get better as time goes on. 4. Figure Out the “Unwritten Rules” Sure, every office has its company policies, but there are always those unwritten rules that you have to learn as you go. Jenna Goudreau, of Business Insider, suggests that one of the first things you should do in your new office is learn where the coffee is. This will lead to figuring out the office routines, such as who is responsible for doing the dishes or cleaning up at the end of the day. It will also help you make new friends as you gather around the machine for your daily cup of java. 5. Consider This a Fresh Start This is your fresh start. It doesn’t matter what time of year it is. It’s time to get organized, be proactive, set goals, and stick to them. Do whatever it takes to stay on track for the rest of the year and ace your new role. Get Help With Your Professional Career From cover letters to resume/CV writing, our professional writers are ready to help you land the career you’ve always dreamed about. They are experts in writing professional documents and know exactly what potential employers are going to look for. We’ll help you get everything you need to land that job interview, where we know you’re going to do a great job! Order your professional documents now to get ahead and start your foray into the working world. References Goudreau, J. (2013). 9 things to do in the first week of a new job. Business Insider. Retrieved from 9-things-to-do-in-the-first-week-of-a-new-job-2013-8. Smith, B. (2014). Three tips to hit the ground running at your new job. LinkedIn. Retrieved from .

Essay about Improving Israel-Palestinian Communication

The Israel-Palestinian conflict is a part of the greater Arab-Israeli long-running conflict in the Middle East. The main point of this conflict is the existence of the state of Israel and its relations with Arab states and with the Palestinian population in the area. Since the establishment of Israel, the Palestinians and the Jews have been fighting over the land for several years. Both believe that they have greater claim than the other. Even though, these two races share a variety of customs, beliefs and practices, there are enough differences that make these two clash. Even the similarities between these two have been the source of conflict for thousands of years. Despite the several attempts and peace agreements to†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, this peace agreement was not fully implemented because of the hatred and mistrust between these two sides. There was also numerous Israeli-Palestinian dialogue events conducted each year targeting at grassroots population from both sides. These transformative dialogues was aimed at creating cultural harmony and mutual understanding between these two reducing prejudice and hostility. According to Ellias, the reason behind continuous failure of the dialogues between Israeli-Jewish and Palestinian could be the differences in their cultural norms and values and their speech codes emerged from their history. An Arab speaker who is engaging in his speech code called â€Å"musayara† is polite, indirect, courteous, and nonconfrontive to the other member of a conversation, whereas the speech code of Jewish is found sharp contrasting to that of Arabs. The communication code of Jewish is ter med as â€Å"dugri† which means straight talk. Jews who is engaging in his speech code â€Å"dugri† employ a direct, pragmatic and assertive style. Since, speech codes are culturally distinctive and the meaning and significance of messages lies on codes, it is very important for those who engaged in the dialogues to understand and predict each other during any intercultural communication or dialogue. Otherwise, it may lead to misunderstanding and problems, that frequently happens inShow MoreRelated Major Events that Effected the Growth of the Economy Essay3449 Words   |  14 Pagesin spite of the economic and cultural obstacles in the way of collaboration, contacts at the political level are multiplying steadily as it is recognized that the two regions have many common values and problems. The general trend is towards an improving relationship in the future, but on a different level to that established previously. (WRIGHT p.110) Now Japan over the past 45 years has experienced some economic difficulties such as rebuilding of the war torn developed country, their oil crisesRead More The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Protecting Democracy in the Middle East3988 Words   |  16 Pagesbrought Benjamin Netanyahu to the head of government in Israel is the need to bring peace, to bring about an end to violence, and to erase the misdeeds of the past and renew the spirit of cooperation and harmony in the Middle East. It is a task of mammoth proportions, rife with possibilities for failure, but one which is the responsibility of any government that is to be taken seriously by the international community to undertake. The peace that Israel seeks is often hampered by those who claim that theRead MoreCase Study- How Hollywood Portrays Arabs1259 Words   |  6 Pagespropagandist role in showcasing the Arab world and the Middle East in general. This depiction has been greatly impacted by several major political events from the l ast few decades to a century. Political events such as the creation of the State of Israel, the revolution of the Islamic State of Iran, and the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in the United States have gone a long way to influence Hollywood’s portrayal of Arabs, very often in stereotypical and negative facets. Issues concerning theRead MoreHistory 175 Quiz 41448 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess in mediating the political crises in the Middle East came when he    | stopped Egypt from attacking Israel in 1977. |    | convinced Menachem Begin that Israel should give up the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. |    | convinced Egypt to recognize Israel and Israel to gradually withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula. |    | persuaded Israel to settle the issue of the Palestinian refugees for good. | 14.   In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, President Carter did allRead MoreThe Evolution Of The International Civil Aeronautics Organization1586 Words   |  7 Pagesis the development of machine-readable passports and visas to increase the speed in which people and cargo are transferred. The ICAO is also slotted to provide satisfactory facilities for international flights; recently they have concentrated on improving the accessibility to disabled and elderly passengers. The ICAO also works hand in glove with the United Nations to provide technical assistance to countries that are not as far along as member countries. The states that make up the ICAO donate fundsRead MoreNation of Israel Essay2927 Words   |  12 PagesNation of Israel Background: History and general facts about Israel Along the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, at the junction of three continents, lies a much disputed piece of land, now known as the country of Israel. Although this land is now controlled by its original inhabitants, the Jewish people have only had political power for the past half-century. After the Jewish people lost authority, the control of this piece of land changed hands numerous times. This land hasRead MoreEssay about Islam3215 Words   |  13 Pagesterrorists are viewed within their individual countries as radicals, although some have benefited from gaining wide-spread approval in their region. With popular support behind them, these extremists have declared a holy war, a jihad, against the West, Israel, and all sympathizers of the two. In the jihad, terrorism has been the most used weapon against the enemies of Islam. Although terrorism has been magnified throughout the world recently, jihad is nothing new to Islam. Although jihad did not immediatelyRead More Future of Policing Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Current economic and political trends will affect how, and if, certain reforms take place. Some trends like the increased costs for medical services will affect officer’s salaries and benefits, while the growth of inexpensive technology with instant communication through cell phones and personal computers will improve response time and distribution of information quickly and effectively. Changes population demographics, with the increase in the cultural and ethic diversity of the population will createRead MoreFuture of Policing1538 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic and political trends will affect how, and if, certain reforms take place. Some trends like the increased costs for medical services will affect officers salaries and benefits, while the growth of inexpensi ve technology with instant communication through cell phones and personal computers will improve response time and distribution of information quickly and effectively. Changes population demographics, with the increase in the cultural and ethic diversity of the population will createRead MoreWal-Mar Global Expansion Strategy10037 Words   |  41 PagesGlobal Strategy E. Expansion Target: France General Overview Retail Industry Overview Macro Environmental Analysis External Factors Micro Environmental Analysis Porter’s Five Forces Model SWOT Feasibility Study Recommendation F. Expansion Target: Israel General Overview Retail Industry Overview Macro Environmental Analysis External Factors Micro Environmental Analysis Porter’s Five Forces Model SWOT Feasibility Study Recommendation G. Conclusion H. References/Sources I. Appendix in Book 2 3 3

HIV/AIDS acquisition is at an all-time high in today’s...

HIV/AIDS acquisition is at an all-time high in today’s society, especially for women in hidden or illegal activities, such as drug-use and sex work (Beard et al. 2010). As a result of their hidden lifestyles, their children are at increased risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), especially due to the stigma surrounding the disease, keeping women from seeking services that could help both them and their children (Beard et al. 2010). The following paper explores the ways in which stigma acts as a barrier for women to seek testing and treatment for HIV/AIDS, as well as the psychosocial effects that stigma produces in these women’s and their children’s lives. Although interventions have been introduced in the†¦show more content†¦Women, especially those in sex work or those who use drugs, are vulnerable for acquiring HIV/AIDS, and risk passing on the virus to their children through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) (Beard e t al. 2010). The stigma doesn’t only affect women who use drugs or are sex workers, but it affects women worldwide who fear the discrimination they will face, not only from the community, but also from their families, if they are HIV-positive (UNAIDS, 2007). It is for this reason that women do not get tested, do not get treated, do not take preventative measures, and especially breastfeed their children because they fear that if someone were to see them feeding their children with formula, they would be suspected of having HIV/AIDS and fear the discrimination that would follow (Rankin et al., 2005). Not only does stigma act as a barrier to many services, it also inflicts negative psychological feelings and psychosocial effect for those who are, directly or indirectly, affected by HIV/AIDS (Lin et al., 2010). Interventions for stigma reduction have been introduced in the past, but the majority of them were only based on information provision about HIV/AIDS. We now know that si mply providing information is not sufficient in decreasing stigma (Harma et al.,2006). Community-based interventions and targeting human rights is necessary to get to the root of not onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts of Mncs in the Economy of Bangladesh14643 Words   |  59 Pagesresponsibility towards the people. There are around 100 MNCs(sourse:WWW.bangladeshdir.com) operating in Bangladesh. It is very difficult to collect data of all companies due to economic barriers, time shortage and less frankness of the respective companies at delivering relevant information. So to construct the seminar paper we have categorized all the existing companies into five sectors. They are banking sector, telecommunication sector, consumer products sector, pharmaceutical sector, and constructionRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesEducation is not responsible for the content of third party internet sites. ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reserved. Permission is hereby given for the material in this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitte d in any form or by any means, electronicRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesweeks additional pay in profit sharing bonuses in some years. The test of the change is in the results. GE Fanuc’s revenue is up women employees, who composed about three-fourths of the bank’s workers. As a result, several years later about one-fourth of all managers and executives are women. Similar attention also was focused on other diverse groups of employees. So that all employees were given opportunities to grow and learn, the Bank of Montreal’s Institute of Learning was established at a cost exceedingRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesby Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesassignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need toRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesFrancisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Acquisitions Editor: Kim Norbuta Editorial Project Manager: Claudia Fernandes Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Marketing Assistant: Ian Gold Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Senior Production Project

Sannu’s Story Free Essays

Unit 8. Case Study 1. Sannu’s Story Sannu has contracted Leprosy. We will write a custom essay sample on Sannu’s Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a sixteen year old teenager, it is hard to pin point when he was infected since Leprosy has a long incubation period. As a small boy traveling barefoot along trails in his village, Sannu’s body has already adapted to his living conditions. Sannu’s feet are tough and calloused. As Sannu ages, so does his Leprosy infection progress. The infection will cause neuropathy in his extremities which will lead to many injuries to his feet and hands. The wounds acquired will be infected for weeks or even months without treatment. The neuropathy caused by the Leprosy infection is characterized by causing a decrease in sensation in the extremities, muscle weakness, and numbness. Sannu’s feet that have been toughened by his environment and life style have been further injured due to lack of sensation and medical treatment. In an attempt to keep his feet clean to aide the healing of his infections, Sannu is more than likely maintaining a sedentary life style. This life style along with the progression of the Leprosy infection will weaken Sannu’s muscles. A feature common to all forms of Leprosy is nerve infection. Nerve damage appears to result from the multiplication of bacilli within Schwann cells and damage to the perineurium. Most of the deformities occurring from Leprosy are in fact due to trauma or a secondary infection. In a Leprosy infection one of the first symptoms are anesthesia to heat and cold. Leprosy affects the peripheral nervous system by attacking the myelin sheath surrounding the axons which affects the reliability and speed of nerve impulses. In other words, the nerve fibers are no longer insulated and nerve impulses cannot be conducted efficiently. There are different types of sensory receptors located throughout the body and are designed based on a selective stimulus response. The appropriate receptive field is stimulated within a sensory receptor producing a response. In Sannu’s condition this action is delayed or absent due to the damage of his free nerve endings. Free nerve endings detect pain, temperature, and touch as well as tickle and itch. Sannu’s encapsulated nerve endings are also damaged. Encapsulated nerve endings detect pressure, vibration, and touch sensations. When Dianna performed the tests to check Sannu’s Achilles tendon and Babinski’s reflex, she was evaluating his somatic senses. Somatic senses involve sensations such as touch, pressure, and pain as well as temperature perception. These are all affected in Leprosy infection. In Sannu’s case he has also lost the sensations of touch, pressure, and pain in his feet and hands due to the affects of leprosy on his nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, and exteroceptors. These sensations are also present in the sensory receptors free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings. Sannu’s interoceptors would not be affected in a Leprosy infection because interoceptors pertain to the body’s internal environment. Mycobacterium leprae grow best in relatively cool areas of the body such as: the skin, peripheral nerves, the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract as well as the chamber of the eye and in severe untreated cases the testes and eventually other vital organs. Leprosy affects the exteroceptors of the external surface of the body. Nociceptors are the receptors of pain and are located in all tissues of the body with an exception of the brain. Proprioceptors do no adapt very much, this is why Sannu still feels pain in his leg that has been amputated. Sannu’s pain is slow pain. Slow pain is referring to pain that is chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing. The peripheral receptors activated during a stimulus are the nociceptors. Like other cutaneous and subcutaneous receptors, Nociceptors transduce a variety of stimuli into receptor potentials. Also, like other somatic sensory receptors, Nociceptors arise from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia that send one axonal process to the periphery and the other into the spinal cord or brain stem. Peripheral Nociceptors terminate at the site of free nerve endings. Nociceptors are located in the entire body except for the brain. The loss of myelination causes impulses to misfire. Without the myelin sheath the impulses are slower and misdirected. Sannu had little sensation to his extremities because of the process related to his Leprosy infection. Phantom limb pain is a result of neuroplasticity (new neural links can be made), or the brain region that once was responsible for controlling the amputated limb is taken over by an adjacent area of the brain. The phantom limb pain is enhanced by referred sensations, so that stimuli applied to other body parts can be sensed from the phantom limb. In patients with Leprosy, phantom limb pain will not occur with only the amputation of fingers, toes, hands, or feet. Phantom limbs and phantom limb pain will only occur when the amputation is taken up to the stump of that limb. The representation of Sannu’s amputated leg on the somatosensory map will involve referred sensations because of remapping of somatosensory areas in the brain. The activity of the somatosensory map in the brain leads to conscious experience of body image and somatic sensations. After Sannu’s amputation it is possible for him to initially experience some effects on his balance and equilibrium. This is because after amputation Sannu may still have confused senses of his missing leg. With the introduction of a prosthesis, Sannu’s brain will connect to the prosthetic device causing his brain to remember how to function as if the original leg were still there. The initial sensory loss that Sannu experienced was due to interference of the sensory pathway transmission. Leprosy affects the skin and peripheral nerves which are closest to the exterior of the body where the sensory receptors are located. Leprosy infection is caused by mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis. Both forms affect the peripheral nervous system by attacking the Schwann cells, destroying the myelin. At the site of the Schwann cell, the bacteria multiply and cause damage of the nerve architecture and cause secondary inflammation. This disease process results in desensitizing sensory receptors. This is why when Sannu cut his foot, he did not feel the pain, nor the infection that followed. Due to his location in a remote village and lack of medical care, his infection resulted in an amputation. The receptors that should have sensed the initial injury to Sannu’s foot are the exteroceptors. Exteroceptors are responsible for responding to stimulus from outside the body such as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. After Sannu’s amputation he began experiencing phantom limb sensations. This is considered as a form of neuropathic pain. It is presumed to be a response by the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system of an injury. The process of reorganizing occurs from retained nerves from the amputated limb, spinal cord, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. After an amputation the area of the brain that is responsible for processing the sensations from the missing limb are taken over by areas that neighbored the missing limb. It is believed that around 95% of people are naturally immune to Leprosy. Recent research suggests that there is a defect in cell-mediated immunity that causes susceptibility to Leprosy. The area of DNA responsible for that variable is also found in Parkinson’s disease. It is speculated the two disorders are linked somehow at the biochemical level. Research has shown that susceptibility to the disease was linked to region q25 on the long arm of chromosome 6. Further study indicated that the Leprosy susceptibility gene lies within a region shared by two genes for Parkinson’s disease. Resources The Merk Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy â€Å"Infectious Diseases caused by Mycobacteria† 2004 International Journal of Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases â€Å"Linkage of Leprosy Susceptibility to Parkinson’s Disease Genes† June 2004 www. who. ch/program infolep@antenna. nl www. encyclopedia. com www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/15372437 en. wikipedia. org/wiki/proprioception rarediseases. about. com. lepercolonies. thalidomide May 16 2009 pubmed. gov Muscle Nerve October 30 2004 How to cite Sannu’s Story, Papers

The Body Shop strategy Essay Example

The Body Shop strategy Paper On March 26th 1976 a young lady of 33 by the name of Anita Roddick who had a deep rooted passion for environmental activism and no prior business knowledge decided to open a small store in Brighton by the name of The Body Shop selling natural based, self mixed beauty produce that she had discovered from her travels throughout the South Pacific and Africa. Her main aim at the time was to support her husband who was travelling around America and their 2 young children. With the advice to try and earn  £300 a week from Gordon her husband she set about The Body Shops raise to global fame and influence. With just 25 hand mixed products in her Brighton store in 1976 and each product having 5 different bottle sizes to simply bulk up the shops shelves she has managed to transform the organisation to be harbouring over 1,954 stores world wide today. (Mintel : 03) The question has to be asked how has a woman with no prior business knowledge or education managed to achieve such a feat? We will write a custom essay sample on The Body Shop strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Body Shop strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Body Shop strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Is Business knowledge meaningless? Were Body Shop simply headless and happen to stumble along the correct path? Or has The Body Shop operated cleverly and adopted unique strategies to differentiate themselves away from the norm? Throughout the following text we will discover the way in which The Body Shops historic strategy brought about its rise to world wide status and then later its decline. We will see the way the company has adjusted its strategy to try and halt this. This will then be followed by the evaluation of how both Porters five forces and SWOT analysis models may account for their success and the way in which they deal with the esoteric aspect of the body shops way of doing business. Corporate Strategy is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the organisation to meet the expectations of owners or major stakeholders and add value to the different parts of the enterprise (Johnson, Scholes: 11) Since the early days of The Body Shop its strategy has always been to stand out and be different from the rest, the company statement alone portrays this The Body Shop International, A company with a difference (Company Statement) In fact The Body Shop was so different it was the first company to open up a new niche market with its natural based products. This strategy of going against the motion of traditional business practices was fundamental toward the rise of Body Shop. The body Shop was and still is based on the following business ethics as shown in figure one. In figure one we can see that The Body Shops aims differ substantially from most organisations in that it places emphasis on its ethical, social and environmental responsibility. This is shown by Anita Roddick saying: I would rather be measured by how I treat weaker and frailer communities I trade with than by how great are my profits (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 451) Many companies simply do not operate on this level and this one stance alone that differentiates Body Shop from the rest of its market. Consumers are fully aware of companies desires to obtain the biggest profits at almost any legal cost to the environment or society. Anita opened The Body Shop at a time when Europe was becoming greener, organisations such as green peace were being founded, knowledge and media interest were also on the rise so a company promoting good environmental ethics that concerned consumers brought about a large interest in the company. Therefore timing was also a key component of their strategy and this is acknowledged by Anita I am aware that success is more than a good idea. It is timing too. The Body Shop arrived just as Europe was going green (AnitaRoddick.com) Another key component for the company was Anita Roddicks ability to handle the media. Since the beginning of Body Shop she has used the media as her major tool of strategy in her search for success. Ever since she opened her shop in Brighton next door to two Funeral companies and was sued for her ironic choice of name she has used the media masterfully and to great advantage. The Body Shop never advertised in the conventional way. Usually advertising took place in an indirect way, not through the company but by word of mouth or through editorial coverage in magazines and newspapers. Roddick herself estimates that she generated around 2 million pound a year of free publicity (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 453) The press liked Anita and being forward with her opinions made her very quotable, in a sense they worked off each other. For the consumer this lack of conventional marketing really went against the usual ways of the beauty and cosmetics industry. Over 85 percent of its costs are packaging and advertising, The Body Shop simply ignores this. Charles Revlon founder of Revlon said In the store we sell hope, We are a dream machine (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 453) The Body Shop simply say There are no magic potions, no miracle cures, no rejuvenating creams, skin care products can do nothing more than cleanse, polish and protects thats it end of story! (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 448) This educates its consumers to know what to expect when purchasing Body Shop produce. No false hopes just the notion to simply to inform, usually via products labels, media. However as the early nineties arrived this strategy came under threat. Questions arose regarding the authenticity of The Body Shop claims of using natural products. Body Shop stepped down from this stance and acknowledged that some ingredients were in fact synthetic preservatives. They also had to step down from the claim that they didnt test their products on animals as they could not guarantee that this was the case with some third world suppliers. Instead they Are against animal testing These cases along with becoming the victim of its own success with ever increasing competition in its market we have seen Body Shops power and sales decline. Operating profits in the UK were just 4.9 Million with an operating profit margin of just 8.4% this was down by 57.0% since 1994 and the international profit margin was also down by 18.7% between 94-99. Shown in figure 2 (source: Mintel) These results brought about a large stimulus for change of strategy. In 1999 The Body Shop underwent an organisational and management shake-up which intended to reposition the group and rejuvenate its performance. Out went Anita Roddick and in came the likes of A. Bellamy (Executive Chairman), A Murray (Finance director) P. Saunders (Chief Executive Officer). Their new strategy started to run itself round cutting costs and improving efficiency. No longer were they manufacturing their own goods as they began to outsource to cut company costs. By February 2000 they had sold its Littlehampton manufacturing business to COSi. (Mintel: 03) It also saw of change of strategy regarding its marketing. They have moved from it stance against marketing and have now advertised through strategic advertising in select media and in terms of posters and billboards. They are slowing down the fast global expansion of The Body Shop through franchising and building to place resources in existing stores and buy existing franchises. This falls into the strategy of tighter control, costs and working capital to increase the profitability and cash generation. Its appears that despite core competences remaining with regards to ethics and social responsibility, well on the outside at least, Body Shop are trying to steady themselves among the raising competition whilst still trying to differentiate their selves. Theoretical and decision making models are a responsible way of accounting for an over view of the Body Shops success and Failure. I will discuss the following two frame works of SWOT (Design school, Mintzberg, Andrews) linked with the resource based ideology and Porters five forces (Positioning School, Porter: 85) we will over look the Body Shops Strategy by inserting the relative data into each frame work and then discussing it with reference to how the model deals with the esoteric aspects of body shops way of doing business. A swot analysis summarises the key issues from an analysis of the business environment and strategic capability of an organisation (Johnson, Scholes: 190) From SWOT analysis as written above a company is able to get an idea of its external environment and thus be able to exploit its competitors. Looking in Figure three we can see the SWOT analysis for The Body Shop in its current state. The SWOT analysis is spilt into four sections of analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats and from this we can see the some of the strategies that have taken the Body Shop forward yet we can also assume the factors that have held it back. Take for example in the strengths section we can see most of the key historic and current strategies that have propelled Body Shop to its world wide status. The focus on its strong ethical and environmental credentials as well as its franchising schemes is seen as its major strengths. These have been with the company since the start and the companies strong ethical and environmental stance can be seen as its core competency that raises the company above its competition. The Weaknesses and threats in the analysis chart bring forth the concerns and challenges that face The Body Shop today. Suffering from its earlier success it shows how the competition has increased. An earlier SWOT analysis would have contained more capital and expansion threats and weaknesses as they were a new company starting in a new niche market now as Body Shop become Mature and its market exposed many firms have joined the band wagon of going green and being environmentally friendly. Most natural beauty retailers such as boots, LOreal are against animal testing and competition of natural products is ever increasing with supermarkets now producing their own brands. So how The body Shop differentiates itself, manages its weaknesses and exploits its opportunities is a now dilemma that Body Shop must face. Five forces analysis is a means of identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry (Johnson, Scholes: 1998) M. Porter sees competition as the core of the success or failure of firms (Wit, Meyer : 345) and that the essence of formulating competitive strategy is by relating a company to its environment (Porter: 3) Therefore he designed a frame workforce to that shows state of competition in an industry which is based around five forces. We can see these five forces and what they involve in figure 4. As we can see it is in a rather simplified format regarding the amount of the detail it goes into. Porter actually goes into more depth and detail regarding his texts, therefore simplified models of the five forces are not as informative as it could possibly be so should be considered as a framework for further analysis. However for use in the case of Body Shop and the word constraint it still can provide us with a useful knowledge of the environment that Body Shop is facing and how it accounts for it success and failings Firstly considering the threat of substitution for Body Shop products we can consider this to be high. Body Shop is in direct competition with the beauty industry both natural and unnatural. As competition in its niche market increases substitution becomes a bigger threat. This is certainty is a hindrance to Body Shop currently. However the threat of substitutes has actually helped in this case, Porter asks the question of whether or not a substitute poses the threat of obsolescence to a firms product or service, or actually provides a higher perceived benefit or value (wit, meyer : 120) This covers the case of the Body Shop actually providing beauty products but actually only providing natural ones. This means that Body Shop in the case of this model have been able to add value by offering a natural alternative to typical ones, this has been one of the key factors of The Body Shops success. Therefore this section of the model accounts for both success and failure for the Body Shop. The potential entrants force also provides an account of the success of the Body Shop. Porter states that the treat on entry is dependant on barriers to entry. Within the six major forces that affect the barriers we can account for the product differentiation of Body Shop acting as an entry barrier. During the 80s Body Shop had established itself as the original and leading retailer of natural based cosmetics with a good brand image. This formed a consumer loyalty base and has acted as a deterrent for potential entrants, as building a brand up is very costly especially against the flow of success that the Body Shop were experiencing. This barrier is perhaps the most important entry barrier for baby products, over the counter drugs, cosmetics (Porter :9) All of which are connected also with the SWOT analysis of the firm. However as the nineties came forth Body Shop suffered some damaging anti natural claims as well an apparent lack of ability to re-invent itself possibly saw the consumer become accustomed to Body Shop as well as possibly becoming down hearted with body shops reversal on some of its claims. Then seemed a good time for more competitors to try and enter the market. Larger cosmetics companies such as LOreal, Boots had resources to be able to defeat another major barrier of Porters in regards to distribution channels. These competitors already had secure logical forms of distribution in terms for their numerous stores both nationally and globally. This gives them a substantial starting base to promote their selves within a new product market. Supermarkets are now also using distribution channels as a means of entering the natural cosmetics sectors. Both Asda and Sainsburys have their own ranges already as well a massive store base.

Internet Usability Importance

Internet Usability Importance Internet usability is a very important activity that helps to improve the internet-user interface mainly by utilizing domain names. Internet usability refers to the design and positioning of a website for ease of interaction with the users.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Usability Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internet usability entails such activities as web site design, human-computer interaction, Web site usability, online brands, and online marketing, among others (Bevan, Kirakowski Maissel 1991). Domain names are an essential ingredient in the process of trying to enhance the internet- user interface. Effective domain name policy is thus important in improving internet usability. The application of domain names is different from one country to another and this may result in contradictory domain name policies, thereby inconveniencing end users. There are enormous benefits associated with improved internet usability including higher customer satisfaction, higher sales, reduced support costs, and higher productivity. Internet usability is also affected by the application of domain name policies. Available literature calls for the establishment of standards for use by domain name policy makers in their quest to enhance domain names usability. Modern day domain name policies differ markedly within a country and between countries. As a result, these contradictory policies tend to inconvenience end users, in effect reducing the certainty of the domain name of a given entity. Nielsen (2003) opines that when users are examining how credible a given destination is, they often have to use domain names. Consequently, the ability to predict these kinds of domain names is paramount. In a recent study conducted by Cutrell and Guan (2007), the researcher found out that users spent nearly a quarter of their time (25%) while online searching for various domain names on different sea rch engines. It is important to understand the concept of usability and how it can be tested. Usability refers to the interaction between a system and / or product with the user. Usability is an assessment of the potential of a product to fulfill the objective of the user.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Product usability can be determined by visual consistency, ease-of-use, as well as a coherent, spelt out process for evolution. Internet users use the usability testing technique to assess the task time, ease-of-use, and the perception of users about the experience they have had with the internet. A formal usability testing of the internet entails the use of a usability lab armed with video cameras. On the other hand, usability testing can also be done informally, in which case paper mock-ups of either a web site on a given application are utilized. Various renowned web sites have enrolled the services of usability engineers who ensure that the site is friendly and easy-to-use, to give the customers a positive experience. Some of the parameters that may be used to measure usability include satisfaction, acceptability, and performance (Bevan, Kirakowski, Maissel, 1991). In addition, Nielsen (2003) argues that domain names are a very critical element of web user interface. Nielesen (2003) further opines that individuals will try and guess the different names of sites that they may have visited previously, or not. The allocation of domain names in a consistent manner may enhance website usability. Some of the benefits associated with improved website usability include reliable domain name structures, enhanced usability for end users, as well as steadfast internet access through following of the established domain name allocation standards. Domain branding enhances internet usability. Arnodl (2007) contends that there is scarcity of experimental studies on domai n name branding. Separately, Haara and Nilsson (2000) are of the opinion that unforgettable domain names are crucial in helping to enhance online brands. Similar sentiments have also been echoed by Nielsen (2003), who further argues that individuals will attempt to deduce the names of different domains for those sites that they may or may not have had an experience with before. The usability and predictability of domain names is largely dependent on successful domain name policy. If at all we hope to overcome the challenges associated with poor domain name usability, there is the need to implement a policy evaluation framework for the domain name in question.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Usability Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Internet usability refers to the design and positioning of a website for ease of interaction with the users. In order to improve internet usability, there is need to ensure effective domain name policy. Some of the benefits associated with improved internet usability include higher sales, reduced support cost, enhanced customer satisfaction, and higher productivity. Website engineers use such parameters as satisfaction, acceptance, and performance to test internet usability. The branding of domain names also leads to enhanced internet usability. Reference List Arnold, B., 2007. auDA and dot-au statistics. Web. Bevan, N., Kirakowski, J., Maissel, J.,1991. What is Usability? Proceedings of the 4th  International Conference on HCI. Stuttgart, Germany: Elsevier. Cutrell, E., Guan, Z., 2007. An eye-tracking study of information usage in Web search: Variations in target position and contextual snippet length. Conference on  Human Factors in Computing Systems. San Jose, California, USA: Microsoft Research. Haara, A., Nilsson, G.., 2000. The Web Site as a Brand an Empirical Investigation of Four Online Companies. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nielsen, J., 2003. Usability 101: Introduction to Usability. Web. Appendix   Graphic Organizer

Capitalization †What and When

Capitalization – What and When Capitalization – What and When? Knowing which words to capitalize can be a tricky business since there are dozens of conventions governing these things, so nobody should feel bad about having to seek expert advice in this regard. There are a few general tips you can follow here – most importantly, always check the relevant style guide and aim for consistent capitalization throughout your paper – but knowing when to capitalize is largely a matter of experience. Here are a few examples to keep in mind. The First Word in a Sentence Every time you begin a new sentence, it should start with a capital letter. This even applies to quotations in the middle of a sentence, as long as the quoted text is itself a complete sentence (e.g., â€Å"My friend said, ‘The movie Charlie’s Angels is the greatest work of art in history,’ but I disagreed with him.†). Titles of Works As the above example demonstrates via Charlie’s Angels, capitalization is required is when writing out a title. This applies both to titles of published works (articles, magazines, books, movies, etc.) and your own academic papers. It’s worth checking your style guide here, as institutions differ regarding whether you should capitalize all of the important words in a title or just the first word in the title and subtitle. The First Person Pronoun The first person pronoun â€Å"I† should always be capitalized, as should contractions incorporating â€Å"I† (e.g., â€Å"I’m,† â€Å"I’ve† and â€Å"I’ll†). Other pronouns (â€Å"we,† â€Å"you,† etc.) are usually only capitalized at the beginning of a sentence. Proper Nouns Proper nouns are words that name unique entities. So while the noun â€Å"egomaniac† applies to many of Hollywood’s leading lights, the proper noun â€Å"McG† refers uniquely to the director of movies like Charlie’s Angels and Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle. All proper nouns, including McG, Cameron Diaz and Columbia Pictures, begin with a capital letter. Non-Charlie’s Angels related examples of proper nouns include: Personal names (e.g., Abraham Lincoln) Brand names and companies (e.g., Microsoft, Coca-Cola) Geographical features and locations (e.g., the Grand Canyon, Quebec) Languages and words related to nationality (e.g., Englishman, Spanish, Canadian) Months and days of the week (e.g., Tuesday, October) but not seasons (spring, summer, etc.) Special dates and events (e.g., New Year’s Day, the Olympic Games) Planets (e.g., Mars, Jupiter); however, while â€Å"Earth† the planet is capitalized, when referring to the ground or soil, the word â€Å"earth† is not Please note that this is far from an exhaustive list of proper nouns, so remember to check a dictionary if you’re not sure about any particular word. Other Capitalizations There are a few other cases when it’s important to capitalize your words, including: Titles (e.g., Ms., Mr., Dr.) Acronyms (e.g., NASA, FBI) Reverential capitalization: i.e., the use of a capital letter as a mark of respect, such as when â€Å"God† is capitalized in writing about Christianity; this is also why some job titles are capitalized when preceding a name (e.g., â€Å"President Barack Obama†).

Identity in the Indian Ink Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Identity in the Indian Ink - Essay Example The novel teams up with ideas that are fascinating as well as characters that revolve around an English woman who was visiting the subcontinent during the years that were yearning in the British Empire dominance (Davis 33). British and Indian definition of Identity The British people define Indian identity in terms of the behavior and culture the Indians display. For instance, the nude picture is a representation of Indian culture as evidenced by Flora when she says, â€Å"this one is for yourself†¦I’m pleased† (Stoppard 74). The picture is nude to represent Nirad’s tradition as well as a revelation that he had stopped aping the English. However, Nirad meant to please Flora who had always told him to stick up for himself and stop doing everything the English do (Stoppard 43). This causes a cultural clash because Flora wants Nirad to be himself. Nirad wants to impress Flora using his knowledge of English culture and of England. Using oils in painting was Engl ish and not Indian; therefore, Nirad had to make the painting nude in order to be Indian. Thus, the British defined Indian culture based on following Indian roots and keeping away from English culture. Traditionally, Fosters which is a passage to Scotts and India the Raj quarter, the play examines experience in the colonial field by focusing on the relationship between given couples. Throughout the play, Flora’s and Nirad’s relationship changes from being a formal one to being an intimate one. Their relation brings in major points of culture clash and tension too. Identity as displayed by the Characters Identity is given much attention throughout the play, especially as can be traced in different levels but it is clear in the relationship between Flora and Nirad. Stoppard chose an original way of presenting the identity in their relationship because he represents them using the art. In this respect, his idea of â€Å"skill without imagination,† is craftsmanship and offers numerous helpful objects, e.g., wickerwork, picnic, and baskets. Imaginations devoid of skill yield modern art. This is interesting because it reveals his view on the art as well as power of the human imagination, which should interpret and perceive the arts as it was done by the main characters (Kelly 50). The British as well as Indian perceptions during the colonial past are depicted in close parallel with the perceptions of the refashioned post-colonial. The reflection of Stoppard on the Anglo-Indian hybrid identity as well as combined cultures, i.e, Anglo and Indian in nature are traceable in the vastly Anglicized contemporary nature of Anish who opposes Mrs. Swan concerning imperial history topics and articulates the dominance of Indian culture, although he states, â€Å"England is my home now†¦I have spent half my life here" (Stoppard 18). His spouse is an English lady who is a contemporary deconstructive style painter, not like his father. Among the most conf licting viewpoint regarding the Empire’s past start to arise when Anish states, "The first War of Independence" or "The Rising of 1857", which Mrs Swan calls "The Mutiny" ( Stoppard 17). The author offers a similar voice to the two viewpoints as a somewhat heated contest on imperial history follows. An exemplar regarding Mrs Swan’s opinions is, "We were your Romans, you know. ...We might have been your Normans" (Stoppard 17), after which Anish persuasively puts forth his viewpoint.

American women history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

American women history - Essay Example Taking the perspectives of Margaret Fuller, Horatio Storer and Caroll Smith-Rosenberg, who have expressed their views on gender differences, and the impact of abortion on the social order in 19th century America, this essay will chronicle the opposing views on women and how the women’s rights movement was borne out of such controversies. This essay will argue for the illegality and immorality of abortion while explaining how such a fact has been exploited to debase women and uplift men and how the woman’s movement has struggled to fight for gender balance. "Is it not enough," cries the sorrowful trader, "that you have done all you could to break up the national Union, and thus destroy the prosperity of our country, but now you must be trying to break up family union, to take my wife away from the cradle, and the kitchen hearth, to vote at polls, and preach from a pulpit! Of course, if she does such things, she cannot attend to those of her own sphere. She is happy enough as she is. She has more leisure than I have, every means of improvement, every indulgence. "No, but I know she is. She is too amiable to wish what would make me unhappy, and too judicious to wish to step beyond the sphere of her sex. I will never consent to have our peace disturbed by any such discussions.† â€Å"It having now been shown, directly and by temporary assumption, that the law and public sentiment, both by their theory and their practice, alike deny to unjustifiable abortion the imputation of crime, it remains for us to discuss this question abstractly, and to prove, not merely that they are wrong, but the offence is one of the deepest guilt, a crime SECOND TO NONE† (64) â€Å"Women... must develop their own sexual power within the home, control the frequency of intercourse, dominate the sexual act. Significantly, these women condemned abortion as bitterly as the AMA had.

The History of the English Language Essay -- Papers History Historical

The History of the English Language In this paper I will discuss where and how the English language originated and how it has spread to become one of the most spoken languages in the world. Before I started my research on my topic of choice, my original hypothesis was that the English language was started by a whole assortment of Germanic tribes invading England thousands of years ago. This ultimately became the goal of my paper, to see if Germanic tribes started the English language, or if it was started from some other tribes that I was not aware of. The history of the English language is of significance because English is spoken more frequently than any other language except Chinese, (Bright, 1992). A Germanic language, English is spoken by an estimated 1,500,000,000 people, and that number is ever increasing, (Crystal, 1992). English is the chief language of world publishing, science and technology, conferencing, and computer storage as well as the language of international air traffic control (Crystal, 1992). English is also used for purposes of international communications, and international politics, business communications, and academic communities (Crystal, 1992). The history of English can be traced to the colonization of people from a family of languages, which spread throughout Europe and southern Asia in the fourth millennium BC, (Crystal, 1992). It is thought that a semi nomadic population living in the region to north of the Black Sea moved west to Europe and east to Iran and India, spreading their culture and languages (Crystal, 1992). The European languages and Sanskrit, the oldest language of the Indian sub-continent, were tied to a common source. When a systematic resemblance was discovered in bot... ...New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 410-415. 3. Craig, Albert M., et al., Eds. et The Heritage of World Civilizations. 2 Vols. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. 446-447. 4. Crystal, David, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. 2nd Ed. New York: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1997. 298-299. 5. Crystal, David. An Encyclopedia Dictionary of Language and Languages. USA: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. 121-122, 134, 185-186. 6. Dalby, Andrew. Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to more than 400 Languages. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 1998.166-179. 7. OGrady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky and Mark Aronoff. Contemporary Linguistics. 3rd Ed. New York: St. Martins Press, Inc., 1992. 332. 8. Van Doren, Charles. A History of Knowledge Past, Present, and Future. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992. 154.

Horticultural Machineries Essay

Horticultural machinery are the various tractors, rotary cultivators, drills, sprayers, root vegetable harvesters and other equipment of interest to horticulturist POWER UNITS USED FOR HORTICULTURAL PURPOSES The need for special types of power unit and or cultivation implements arises when it is necessary to work between fruits trees or halyard, where the planting distance has already been decided and the equipment has to conform to it. narrow rows of fruits and haps sometimes necessitate the use of extremely narrow tractors, with overall widths of about 4 ft (1. m) such tractors require specially adapted mounted equipment and use among other implements, types of plough which are designed for plugging up or away from both sides of rows of haps or fruits some of special cultivation implements used include. 1. SMALL ROTARY CULTIVATORS A rotary cultivator is a tool that is used to loosen, aerate and prepare soil for new planting or to enhance the condition of soil for existing plantings . A rotary cultivator often known as rotatiller or roto cultivator consists of sharp rotating tins or blades that are typically made of steel or aluminum. The rotating tins dig into the soil, loosening and aerating the soil in a process known as cultivation. Cultivating soil is important because over a period of time soil tends to compact and harden. This can make it more difficult for plant to receive the proper level of water and nutrients. Breaking up and loosening compacted soil makes it easier for water and nutrients to flow through the soil and into plantings. A small rotary cultivator is hand held cultivator either self propelled or powered. It looks much like a lawn mower. A self propelled rotary cultivator has tins (blades) attached to a pole that is similar to a long stick and the user simply pushes it to cultivate a lawn or garden. Many self propelled cultivators have aluminum tines which some users have found to be too light weight for anything more than light grader use. There are therefore self-propelled cultivators that utilize a heavier weight metal for the rotating tines, which many find to be more effective. However, the heavier weight of these tools may make it more difficult to use for an extended period of time. A motorized cultivator is powered by a small gasoline or electric motor; it is often used on large gardens. The tines of a rotary cultivator rotate in the opposite direction of the wheel and till to a depth of 8 to 10 inches normal width of the small rotary cultivator range from 4 – 8 ft (2 – 2. 4m) with power rating ranging from 1 hp to 8 hp (0. 75kw) 2. WALKING TRACTOR The walking tractor or two-wheel tractor is a tractor with one axle self powered and self-propelled which can pull and power various farm implements such as a tractor, cultivator, or harrow, a plough or various seeders and harvesters. The operator usually walks behind it or sides the implement being towed like a four-wheel tractor, the walking tractor is designed to run many attachments with a single power source and gives thousands of hours of services. These tractors are fitted with engines of up to 3hp (2. 2 kw). Some walking tractors now constructed have a power rating of up to 12 hp. 3. NARROW TRACT TRACTOR Narrow track tractors are of interest to horticulturalist who frequently need to pull a heavy spraying machine as well as to carry out plugging and other tillage operations. Such tractors with engines of 25 – 45 hp (19 – 33 kw) may have overall dimensions as small as about 1m wide as 1. 3m high. They are fitted with 4 tyres and articulated frame steering of a type that can provide a very small turning circle, they have low weight to permit work beneath trees. Hydrostatic transmission assists in achieving a sound method of delivering power to the drive wheels. 4. COMPACT L-WHEEL TRACTOR A compact utility tractor (CUT) is a smaller version of an agricultural tractor designed primarily for landscaping and use in field with narrow spaced tracks. Typical CUTs range from 20 – 50hp (15 -37 kw) with available PTO horse power ranging from 15 – 45 (11 -34 kw) CUTs are often equipped with both a mid-mounted and standard rear PTO, especially those below 40 hp (30 kw). modern CUTs use hydrostatic transmissions but many variants of gear-drive transmissions are also offered from low priced, simple gear-transmission to advance glide-shift transmissions. CUTs require special smaller implements than full sized agricultural tractors. Very common implements include, the box blade the grader blade, the landscape rake, the post hole digger, the rotary cutter, a broadcast seeder, and a rotary tiller. SOIL CULTIVATION IMPLEMENTS 1. PLOUGH The plough is a tool used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting. It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history and represents one of the major advances in agriculture. The primary purpose of plugging is to turn over the upper layer of the soil, bringing fresh nutrients to the surface while burying weeds and weed seeds, allowing them to breakdown. It also aerates the soil, allows it to hold moisture better and provides a seed-free medium for planting on alternate crop. The plough is made up of the following components: . The Coulter The function of the coulter is to cut the soil. It is this component of the plough that clears the path. The coulter is a blade or sharp-edged disc attached to a plough so that it cuts through the soil vertically. 2. The Mold Board It is the part of the plough which pushes aside the soil, turned over by the coulter. It is either cylindrical, helical, helical ly cylindrical or a curved rod. 3. Plough-Beam The part that connects the rest of the plough with the animal or tractor. Its shape and length influences the depth of the coulter and to a lesser extent ts width. 4. Plough Share The plough-share is the central part of the plough on which the other major parts are fixed (plough-beam, mold boards coulter, contre-sep). 5. Contre-sep Allows the stabilization of the plough while supporting the hilt. Any standard steel can be used for its construction. 6. The Hilt Permits the longitudiral stabilization of the plough pliding on the bottom of the trench longitudinal stability is ensured by reaction between the ground supports on the soil, the support points on the front and the rear of plough and by the wheel. SOIL STERILIZATION Soil sterilization is a chemical or physical process that results in the death of soil organisms. This practice provides secure and quick relief of soil from substances and organisms harmful to plants such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes and other pests. Many of the organisms in the soil helps breakdown larger pieces of organic matter into small particles which are more easily absorbable by plants but they could be in the soil detrimental fungi, bacteria and insects and weed seeds. Soil sterilization helps to do away with these detrimental organisms and seed weeds. There are two major methods of soil sterilization: Chemical method and physical method. 1. Chemical methods includes the use of herbicides and fumigants 2. Physical methods include the use of steam and solar energy a. STEAM STERILIZATION Soil steaming is a farming technique that sterilizes soil with steam in open fields or green houses. Detrimental organisms and weeds are killed through induced hot steam which causes their cell structure to physically degenerate. Biologically, the method is considered a partial disinfection. Important heat-resistant, spare-farming bacteria survive and revitalize the soil after cooling down. Steaming leads to a strengthened resistance against plant disease and pests. METHOD OF STEAMING 1. Surface steaming: it is the application of heat directly on the surface of the soil using various methods which include area sheet steaming, the steaming hood, the steaming harrow, the steaming plough and vacuum steaming with drainage pipes or mobile pipe system. i. Sheet steaming: Surface steaming with special sheets is a method which has been established for decades in other to steam large areas reaching from 15 to 400m2 in one step. The usage of heat resistant, non-decomposing insulation fleece saves up to 50% energy reduces the steaming time significantly and improves penetration. The streaming time depends on soil structure as well as outside temperature and amounts to 1 – 1. 5 hour per 10 cm steaming depth. ii. Steaming with Vacuum: This is induced through a mobile or fixed installed pipe system in the depth of the area to be steamed. It is the method that reaches the best penetration. Despite high capital cost, the fixed installation of drainage system is reasonable for intensively used areas since steaming depth of up to 80 cm can be achieved. The steaming area is covered with a special steaming sheet and weighted all around as with sheet steaming. The steam is injected underneath the sheet through an injector and protection tunnel while with short areas up to 30m length steam is frontally injected, with longer areas steam is induced in the middle of the beet using a T-connection branching out to both sides. As soon as the sheet is inflated to approximately 1m by the steam pressure, the suction turbine is switched on. First, the air in the soil is removed via the suction hoses. A vacuum is formed and the steam is pulled downward. When the required steaming depth has been reached, the ventilator runs non-stop and surplus steam is blown out. To ensure that, this surplus steam is not lost, it is fed back under the sheet. iii. Steaming with hoods A steaming hood is a mobile device consisting of corrosion resistant materials such as aluminum, which is put down on to the area to be steamed. In contrast to sheet steaming, cost-intensive working steps such as lying out and weighting the sheet don’t occur, however the area steamed per working step is smaller in accordance to the size of the hood. . SOLARIZATION Solarization of soil is a much more non-chemical; environmentally friendly way of soil sterilization and this involves using the power of the sun to get rid of many disease and pests that causes damage to different types of grasses. It is a relatively easy method of sterilization and involves covering up the soil that will be established with a clear plastic material to capture the radiant heat and energ y from the sun to kill the pathogens in the soil. Not only does this method get rid of most of the unwanted diseases and pests but it also stimulates the relense of nutrients from organic matter present in the soil. c. ELECTRIC SOIL STERILIZER The electric soil sterilizer is often used for sterilization of small quantity of soil needed for the nursery or in green houses. The equipment is filled to the top of the container and then the unit is plugged in. the thermostat is then set to the correct sterilizing temperature (about 80 °c). The indicator light will glow until the batch is done. After the light goes off, wait 15 minutes, then pick up the unit and the sterilized soil will drop out the bottom. It eliminates weeds and disease, kills weeds practically 100% kills soil-borne insects and in general, all of the bacteria, fungi and virus organisms that are harmful to commercial crops. d. CHEMICAL SOIL STERILIZATION Chemical sterilization of soil refers to the use of various chemical to sterilize soil. The chemicals to be used must give off gas which is sufficiently toxic to ensure the destruction of pest, diseases and weeds, yet without harming the beneficial, organisms in the soil. The efficiency of chemical sterilization varies greatly, not because of precise chemicals involved, but because of the condition of the soil, its moisture content and most importantly, the prevailing temperature. This should also ensure even distribution in the soil to be sterilized some chemicals used for soil sterilization include: 1. Methyl bromide gas Methyl bromide is a fumigant that is most often used in vegetable and farm production. It is usually applied s gas injected into the soil and then covered by a thin plastic shield in order to slow the movement of methyl bromide from the soil to the atmosphere in that specific area. It is a dangerous chemical and when humans are exposed to high concentrations of this chemical it can result in respiratory system failure, central nervous system failure and damage to the skin, eyes and lungs. Because of the dangers associated with the application of this gas and the detrimental effects that it has on the ozone, methyl bromide is beginning to become less and less used. 2. Vapam Vapam is an effective liquid fumigant for the control of nematodes, insects, weeds and soil borne diseases. It is not very volatile which means that it is not easily evaporated At normal temperatures and before applying this chemical it is always wise to cultivate the area that is being treated in order to deliver the vapam in a uniform manner; Before application the soil moisture of the field be between 50% to 80% field capacity this chemical can be applied in a number of ways some bring through sprinkler; sprinkler and flood applications provide the best coverage and thus the most successful; this product is however toxic to fish so you should not apply this to areas where the surface water can easily be washed on to lakes or streams, 3. Basamid Basamid is a granular and eliminates weeds, nematodes grasses and soil diseases. When this chemical ingredient hits the moist soil the graduals breakdown and release gases that spread in the soil and these gases eliminate the unwanted disease or pests. When applying basamid it is very important to keep the soil wet for 2 week, prior to the application in order to meet the right soil moisture level and every incorporated on to the soil to about 15cm using a rotary cultivator or something that has this same effect . After doing this, it is important to seal the area with a plastic of some sort of properly fumigate the soil, keeping all the volatile and highly toxic gases in that specific area. SOIL STERILIZING EQUIPMENT (LOKO BOILER) A boilers or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water. The form and size depends on the application; the locomotive Boiler is portable mobile steam engine with same features as the large one. The only difference is variation in size of component part the LOKO Boiler is made up of the following part; 1. FIRE TUBE BOILER This is a single furnace, three phase type fire tube boiler. Heat-flue gases-travel is through three different sets of tubes. All the tubes are surrounded by water which absorbs the heat . As the water turns to steam, pressure builds up with in the boiler one enough pressure has built up the engineer will open the main steam outlet valve slowly. Fire tube boilers are also known as smoke tube and donkey boiler. . WATER TUBE BOILERS; The large tube like structure at the top of the boiler is called the steam drum. You could call it the heart of the boiler. That is where the steam collects before being discharged from the boiler. The hundreds of tube start and eventually end up at the steam drum. Water enters the boiler, pre-heated at the top. The hot water naturally circulates through the tubes down to the lower area where it is hot the water heats up and flow s back to the steam drum where the steam collects. Not all the water gets turn to steam, so the process starts again. Water keep on circulating until all of it turns in to or becomes steam. BOILER MAIN COMPONENTS; BOILER SHELL- The out cylindrical portion of a pressure vessel. BURNER – A device for the introduction of fuel air in to the furnace at the decreed velocities, turbulence and concentration. The burners is the principal device for the firing of oil and or gas Burners are normally located in the vertical walls of the furnace. Burners along with the furnace in which they are installed, are designed to born the fuel properly. SMOKE TUBE – The second/third phase are formed by thick walled smoke tubes which are welded in to the end plates the arrangement of the smoke tubes considers the recommendation of ascending flue passes in order to prevent the information of residual-or lingering gases the first phase is a combination of a furnace tube and combustion chamber suspended by stay bar and completely surrounded by water giving valuable radiant heat transference from all surfaces. The second pass is a nest of straight 50mm boiler tubes expanded in to the upper zone of the combustion chamber and running in parallel to the furnace tube terminating at the front plate of the reversing chamber. The third pass is a further nest of 50mm boiler tubes running from the upper zone of the reversing chamber to the rear smoke box for exhausting to atmosphere. FRONT REVERSING CHAMBERS – The front reversing chamber is equipped with large doors allowing free access to the smoke tubes and easy maintenance and cleaning High-quality tightening material guarantees the gastight closing of he doors. DRAIN TAP – A valve connection at the lowest point for the removal of all unwanted elements from the pressure parts. FEED PUMP – A pump that supplies water to a boiler. FEED WATER – water introduced into a boiler during operation. It includes make-up and return condensate. FURNACE – An enclosed space provided for the combustions of fuel. INSULATION â₠¬â€œ A material of low thermal conductivity used to reduce heat losses. SAFETY VALVE – A spring loaded valve that automatically opens when pressure attains the value setting used to prevent excessive pressure from building up in a boiler. SAFETY SHUT- OFF VALVE – A manually opened, electrically latched, electrically operated safety shut-off valve designed to automatically shut-off fuel when de-energized. WATER LEVEL – The elevation of the surface of the water in a boiler. ACCUMULATOR – A pressure vessel containing water and/or steam which is used to store the heat of steam for use at a lale period at some lower pressure. FIRE BOX – The fire box is surrounded by water in the outer fire box shell and so absorbing radiant heat from the fire. The gap between the inner and outer fire boxes is maintained by hundreds of rigid stays. AIR ATOMIZING OIL BURNER A burner for firing oil in which the oil is atomized by compressed air, which is forced into and through one or more streams of oil which result in the breaking of the oil into a fine spray. BAFFLE-TYPE COLLECTOR; A device in gas paths utilizing baffle so arranged as to deflect dust particles out of the gas stream. BAG FILTER; A device containing one or more cloth bags revering particles from the dust lateen gas or air which is blown through it . BAG-TYPE COLLECTOR; A filter in which the cloth filtering medium is made in the form of cylindrical bags. BREECHING; A duct that transports the products of combustion between parts of a steam generating unit or to the stack. CIRCULATOR; A pipe or tube to pass stream or water between upper boiler drums usually lactated where the heat absorption is low. Also used to apply to tubes connecting heater of horizontal water tube boilers with drums. STEAM GENERATING UNIT: A unit to which water fuel and air supplied and in which steam is generated. t consists of a boiler furnace and fuel burning equipment, and may include as component parts water walls, super heater, reheater, economizer, air heater, or any combination thereof. STEAM SEPARATOR: A device for removing the entrained water from steam. STRAINER: A device, such as a filter, to retain solid particles allowing a liquid to pass. SMOKE BOX: The smoke box is an extension of the front end of the boiler barrel. Exhaust steam from the cylin der passes through the blast pipe into the chimney and creates partial vacuum. This causes hot gases to be drown through the grate and fine hole door. The smoke box also contains the main steam pipe to the steam chest, blower, super heater header, tube and exhaust for the vacuum ejector where fitted. BRICK ARCH: The brick arch serves several purpose. It protects the fire box tube plate from the direct flame of the fire, radiates heat to prevent rapid fluctuation of the tube plate temperature and ensure thorough combustion of volatiles by lengthening their path from the fire to the tube plate. FIRE DOOR: Fire hole door vary from locomotive to locomotive. They gives access to firing and can be adjusted to control the flow of secondary air. BAFFLE PLATE: The baffle plate place in the fire hole is designed to direct the secondary air down towards the fired bed in order to mix thoroughly with the hot gases and flames. FUSIBLE PLUGS: Fusible plugs are screwed into the fire box crown. They are of brass and have a lead cure. If the water level in the boiler drop and uncovers the fire box crown, the lead melt allowing steam to escape into the fire box. This warns the engine men and help to deaden the fire. Both injectors should be put off immediately if this occurs and steps taken to remove or deaden the fire. SUPERHEATER: The super heater consists of super heater header and super heater elements. Steam from the main steam pipe arrives at the saturated steam chamber of the super heater header and is fed into the super heater element. Super heated steam arrives back at the super heater chamber of the super heater header and is fed into the steam pipe to the cylinder. Super heated steam is more expensive. ENERGY SAVING DEVICES OF THE BOILER Economizers: Transfer a portion of the heat in the stack gases to water being fed to the boiler. It is a heat exchanger installed in the exhaust stack that pre-heats the boiler feed water. AIR PRE HEATER: Transfer heat from hot stack gas to air that is to be mixed with fuel for combustion this device saves energy by increasing the temperature of the mixture of fuel and air prior to combustion, so more of the heat of combustion is available to heat water. TURBULATORS: Twisted pieces of metal inserted in the tubes of fire tub boilers, causes hot gases to travel more slowly and with more turbulence, resulting in better heat transfer to the water. OXYGEN TRIM CONTROLS: Measure stack gas oxygen concentration and automatically adjust the inlet air at the burner for optimum efficiency. . 1 ORCHARD EQUIPMENT Orchard equipments refer to the various machines (simple and complex) used on an orchard. Some of the machines include: pruners, sprayers, weeders, dusters, etc. The selection of choice of any of these machines is dependent on the nature of work to be carried out at that material time. PRUNERS – Also known as pruning shears or secateurs are a type of scissors for cu tting off hard branches of trees and shrubs. They are strong enough to prune hard branches of trees and shrubs sometimes up to two centimeters thick. SPRAYERS: A sprayer is a piece of equipment that has spray nozzle to apply herbicides and fertilizers to agricultural crops. Sprayers range in sizes from man-portable units to trailed types that are connected to a tractor or other self propelled units. There are various types of sprayers which include knap sack, foot, garden, Hand compression, power, stirrup, self-propelled crop sprayer, trailed crop sprayer, etc. COMPONENTS OF SPRAYING EQUIPMENT 1. TANK: The tank is a unit which holds chemicals, and comes in many different shapes and sizes. 2. PUMP: The pump creates pressure that forces the chemical to the nozzles. 3. CONTROL VALVE: The control valve controls or maintains pressure and turn off the sprayer. 4. NOZZLE TIP: The nozzle tip controls application rate and produce the correct size droplets. 5. FILTER: The filter is a unit behind the nozzle tip to reduce entrance or passage of dirty particles and blockage into the system. TYPES OF SPRAYING EQUIPMENTS 1. ULTRA-LOW VOLUME (ULV) SPRAYERS: ULV equipment is designed to produce very small droplets, thus ensuring even coverage with low volumes. The equipment is based on aerosol, airshear or rotary nozzle techniques. The ultra low volume machines use large volumes of air at low pressures to transform liquid into droplets that are dispersed into the atmosphere. Ultra low volume machines are used for applying pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, sterilizers and disinfectants among other chemicals. The ultra low volume machine consists of a blower, a formulation holding tank and a pump. The blower creates a low pressure area and forces air through the nozzles of the machine. Air pressure can be controlled by adjusting the engine speed. The nozzles of the machines have a very specific shape, which causes a swiring motion of the air stream. The motion is achieved by means of several agitationary fins that forces the air to rotate. The formulation is delivered to the air by means of a supply tube that is situated in the centre of the nozzles. The motion of the airshears the liquid formulation into very small droplets and then disperses it into the atmosphere. Advantages 1. The chemicals dispersed in this type of machine are more concentrated than the chemicals used in other spraying equipments, which increase the killing efficiency. 2. There is lower risk of injury due to low pressure application. The only disadvantage it has is that it requires long application times and higher technical skills. 2. KNAPSACK PRAYERS: The knapsack sprayer is a back mounted equipment used by farmers. The tank of a knapsack sprayer is not pressurized and made of grass, or galvanized steel. The pump may be fitted into or outside the tank and sucks the liquid from the tank and expels it through the discharge line. DUSTERS: Dusters usually refer to an aircraft used for dusting or spraying large farms with pesticides, though other types of dusters are also employed. Aerial spraying and dusting permits prompt coverage of large areas at the moment when application of pesticides is most effective and avoid the need for wheeled vehicles that might damage crops. COMPONENT PARTS OF A DUSTER: 1. HOPPER – For storing the chemicals in dust form 2. AGITATOR – An agitator is used to keep the dust moving freely within the hopper and prevent caking. 3. Metering mechanism- which is usually an adjustable orifice that allows the rate of discharge to be varied. 4. Delivery blower – which creates an airstream that is used to carry the powder to the target? The major difference between dusters and sprayers is that a sprayer is a machine that applies fluid chemicals to crops in liquid form while a duster is a machine that also applies fluid chemicals but in powdered form. WEEDERS: Weeders refers to the various equipments used to ease the task of removing weeds from orchards or gardens. Very common weeders include the fulcrum weeders, the Cape Cod weeders, and the cracle weeder. These weeders come in two styles: short handled weeders and long handled weeders. Short handled weeders are preferred for small gardens with small plants while long handled weeders are for bigger gardens that have bigger weeds. 3. 0. SORTING AND GRADING OF HORT. CROPS Sorting separates into groups different physical properties while grading separates into groups with different quality characteristics. Sorting and grading are usually the last separating operations before processing or displaying crops for sale. It should however be noted that damages at the stages of sorting and grading are likely to result in substantial economics loss. REASONS FOR SORTING AND GRADING OF HORT. CROPS Sorting and grading of Horticultural crops controls the effectiveness of the subsequent operations because; 1. Sorted and graded products are better suited to mechanical operations such as peeling, blending , etc e. g. use of caustic soda or boiling water with vegetables which helps flavor. 2. Sorting and grading is necessary in processes which heat transfer is critical e. g. sterilization. 3. Sorting and grading is advantageous in processes in which uniformity of heat transfer is desirable e. g. dehydration. 4. Sorting and grading of crops gives better control weights filled with standard scale container. . Sorted and graded products fare more attractive in consumer use, and allows the sizing of uniformly catering packs like packets of biscuits. Grading and quality separation of Horticultural crops depends on an overall assessment of those properties of the crops which affect its acceptance as a food or as a working substance for the food processor. Grading factors may be grouped un der the following: size and shape, maturity (e. g. freshness of eggs, ripeness in fruits, aging in meat), texture (e. g hardness, crispness in corn flakes) and flavor and aroma. GRADING MACHINERY Grading for size and quality is an essential preliminary to marketing of fruits and vegetables grown on commercial holdings, and many types of machines are available to assist this work. Some are cheap and simple sizing or weighing machines for grading produce which has been sorted for quality before hand. Others are complex and expensive machines which incorporate devices to facilitate sorting for quality, accurate sizing mechanisms and bins to facilitate packing. Grading machinery may be grouped broadly into those which grade by diameter and those which grade by weight. Machines which grade3 by diameter very greatly. Some size in only one or two directions, while others rotate the produce and thereby achieve a more accurate sizing. In general, machines that grade by diameter tend to have higher output, or are rather less expensive for given output then those which grade by Weight. On the other hand, a good weight grader has many advantages. It can be used for any shape, is easily adjustable and can be used for crops that are easily blemished. Grading by weight can also be more accurate than grading by diameter, though good diameter type graders are usually accurate enough for practical purposes. Good graders do little damage to apples, most of the bruising that does occur being caused when the fruit roots into the receiving bin. This is usually negligible compared with damage incurred in picking, and getting fruit to the grader. Output of graders varies widely according to the number and ability of the operators, as well as according to the machines and auxiliary equipment employed. Some graders are equipped with automatic box-tipping devices for loading. The graders in large-scale apple-packing stations are often fed by first immersing the boxes in water and then handling the fruit on to the drier by floatation. Outputs on such high-speed machines are frequently limited by the speed of packing. No one grading machine has all the advantages, so choice of a grader requires careful consideration of the most important needs for the conditions in which it is to be used. It is not possible to give an adequate description of any individual machine but below is a brief description of some of the grading machines: 1. SIZE GRADERS: This operates in two ways as follows; a. Produce falls through a circular hole of fixed size. In machines of this type the sizing board has a number of rows of holes of different sizes , and the crop is carried along by means of a series of wooden laths operated by a crank mechanism. The effect is to move the produce, without pushing or rolling it, to successively larger holes, until it falls through. b. As produce moves along conveyor, size of opening increases. Graders with mechanisms of this type are common, and include apple graders, in which the fruit is rapidly rolled along by a soft rubber belt, while leaning against a rubber barrier set at a gradually increasing distance from the belt, and machines with diverging rubber belts. . WEIGHT GRADERS: In weight graders, each fruit rests in an individual hinged cup, and for much of the journey along the conveyor the cup and fruit are supported in an upright position by a fixed guide rail. At suitable intervals, however, the support is provided by an adjustable lever-type weighing device. When the moment exerted by fruit and c up is sufficient, the cup tips, and deposits the fruit into its appropriate bin. 5. 0 MECHANICAL HARVESTING OF HORTICULTURAL FRUITS HARVESTING: Is the process of gathering mature crops or fruits from the fields. Harvesting marks the end of the growing cycle for a particular crop, and the harvest is the focus of a growing season. It is the most labour intensive activity of the growing season. Mechanical harvesting equipment tends to be designed mainly for fruits which are to be processed rather than those for fresh market. The main types of equipment used are combing devices and vibrators, Black currant harvester with shakers, as well as redcurrant harvesters with similar shaker units for grapes. Also available are slider cranks, tree shakers which make use of catching and collecting devices mostly applicable for olives. IMPORTANCE OF TIME OF HARVESITN OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS 1. It reduces wastage of crop produce since most fruits tend to rot when not harvested in time. 2. It gives the farmer more quality yield. When fruits in particular are harvested before they are fully ripe, they tend to be sour. 3. Timely harvesting of leafy vegetables gives room to greater yield as the cut away leaves give room for more to shoot out. COMPONENTS PARTS OF A MECHANICAL FRUIT HARVESTER 1. An impactor for dislodging fruits from a fruit-bearing tree limb mounted on a positioning arm. The arm moves up, down, forward, backward and twists. 2. A collecting conveyor for catching and conveying the dislodged fruits. The conveyor is supported by a frame and is comprised of series of supporters covered by a catching surface having an energy-absorbing flexible material. 3. A transfer conveyor which is supported by a frame and is placed below the outlet of the collecting conveyor. It receives fruits from the collecting conveyor. 4. A collecting Bin which is place below the outlet of the trans conveyor in which harvested fruits are deposited.

Definition and Examples of the Series in Grammar